Who is "Americans for Prosperity"?

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The news today that Americans for Prosperity (AFP) is launching $500,000 worth of new TV ads (see an example above) in Arizona targeting Democratic Reps.Ann Kilpatrick, Harry Mitchell and Gabrielle Giffords is the latest indication that conservative group will be a major player in the November midterm elections.
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Charles Koch (left).
So who, exactly, is Americans for Prosperity?
In the summer of 2006, the organization spent $1 million on ads in Michigan, West Virginia and Rhode Island urging Sens. Debbie Stabenow (D-Mich.), Robert Byrd (D-W.V.) and Lincoln Chafee (R-R.I.) to support earmark reform. The group also launched a national bus tour that year to protest earmarks, targeting Rep. Alan Mollohan(D-W.V.) among others.
   In 2008, AFP stepped up its activities. Its “Hot Air Tour” involved floating hot air balloons in a number of states — including one near former Vice President Al Gore’s house — in protest of what it described as “global warming alarmism.”
(Democrats, of course, have their own outside groups that also refuse to reveal their donor lists.)
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