RON UNZ: Zionism, Anti-Semitism, and Racialism

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For nearly three weeks I’ve been suggesting with increasing forcefulness that the official figure of 1,400 Israeli deaths from the Hamas attack may have been considerably exaggerated. Here’s what I’d said last Monday:

The total number of Israeli deaths remains uncertain. The government has claimed around 1,400 fatalities, a figure universally reported across the entire global media, but nearly a month after the fighting ending, fewer than 1,100 names have been published, raising serious doubts about the reality of the larger total. Indeed, Blumenthal noted that when Israel’s UN Ambassador distributed horrifying images of the corpses of Israeli civilians killed by Hamas, many of them turned out to be the bodies of Hamas fighters killed by the Israelis. So it seems quite possible that several hundred dead Hamas militants were originally included in that 1,400 total, with the Israeli government being too embarrassed to admit its original mistake.

As far as I know, I was almost alone among Internet writers offering these bold speculations and I naturally received some sharp criticism for my “conspiratorial” thinking. But on Saturday morning, the New York Times carried the following short item:

Some have claimed that even this newly reduced total of 1,200 seems to include many Israeli soldiers who were subsequently killed in the weeks of Gaza fighting, so it might still be considerably inflated.

EPub Format⬇ • • 85,000 Words

Just as I’d argued, the apparent reason for the Israeli mistake was that such a large fraction of the bodies recovered had been charred beyond all recognition, making it very difficult to distinguish between Israelis and Hamas attackers. But since the Hamas fighters had only been carrying rifles and other small arms, all those victims must have been killed by explosive tank shells and Hellfire missiles. Indeed, newly released video footage revealed that hundreds of Israeli cars had been incinerated by such munitions, suggesting that many or most of the Israelis killed fleeing the dance festival had probably died at the hands of trigger-happy Apache pilots, who reported that they had blasted anything that moved.


Israeli Apache helicopters killed own soldiers, civilians on 7 October: Report
New footage corroborates previous reports that say the Israeli military is responsible for many of the Israeli casualties during the first day of Operation Al-Aqsa Flood
The Cradle • November 9, 2023 • 1,000 Words


https://twitter.com/partisangirl/status/1722527493780021654?s=61&t=VAAeS_-U0AMzD9gDDLbk6w


When we combine these facts with the interviews of former Israeli hostages describing their very good treatment by their Hamas captors, it seems likely that a majority even a large majority of all the dead Israeli civilians had been killed by their own country’s military forces. Indeed, based upon this evidence, former UN Chief Weapons Inspector Scott Ritter puts the figure as high as 80%.



Given the reduced death-toll and the indications that more than half of the Israeli casualties were apparently military or security personnel, it’s quite possible that the number of unarmed Israeli civilians killed by Hamas militants might have been little more than one hundred. Such numbers are minuscule figure compared to the many thousands of Palestinian civilians killed by the Israelis in recent years.

Meanwhile, the relentless Israeli bombardment of defenseless, densely-populated Gaza has continued, with official deaths reported by the Gaza Health Ministry now totaling well over 10,000. Moreover, as observers have noted, these figures are limited to the recovered bodies of identified victims, and given the enormous amount of destruction, many, many thousands more may still be buried under the rubble and only reported as “missing.” So after barely one month, the total civilian death-toll might now be rapidly approaching 20,000, more than twice the figure for both sides combined in twenty months of the Ukraine war, with the number of children killed being more than an order-of-magnitude higher. Therefore, since the morning of October 7th, perhaps 100 or more unarmed Palestinian civilians have died for every such Israeli, a ratio hardly emphasized by our mainstream media.

But regardless of whether the correct death toll is closer to 10,000 or 20,000, this unfolding calamity certainly represents the greatest televised slaughter of civilians in the history of the world and a massively blatant war crime, in which our own government has been fully complicit, with potentially very serious geopolitical consequences.

Despite this grim situation, Israeli society seems to have fully united behind the actions of its once-unpopular government. As former British diplomat Alistair Crooke mentioned, polls show that around 80% of Israelis currently support their very harsh military assault on Gaza. Indeed, some 100 Israeli doctors recently signed a statement supporting bombing attacks on Palestinian hospitals.

Although bombarding helpless civilians from the air with advanced American-supplied munitions is relatively easy, rooting out entrenched Hamas fighters on the ground is far more difficult and dangerous, and at this stage it’s not at all clear how well the Israeli ground offensive has been going or what sort of casualties the IDF has suffered, with both the Israelis and Hamas releasing widely divergent propaganda-claims.

Given such practical difficulties in further close combat, some prominent Israeli political figures have argued that much stronger means should be employed. Last week Cabinet Minister Amichay Elihayu suggested in an interview that Israeli nuclear weapons be used to annihilate Gaza and its two million inhabitants. Although he was quickly suspended for his loose talk, much of the criticism seemed more because he’d publicly admitted the existence of Israel’s illegal nuclear arsenal than that he’d proposed using it to eradicate the Palestinians.


Indeed, a few days earlier, Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu had actually expressed somewhat parallel sentiments. Appealing to his zealously-religious political base, Netanyahu identified the Palestinians with the biblical tribe of Amalek, who according to divine mandate must be exterminated down the last newborn baby, and nuclear weapons might presumably constitute an acceptable means of implementing such a genocide.

Three years ago America and its college campuses had erupted in an enormous wave of popular demonstrations and protests over the unfortunate fate of George Floyd, a lifelong career criminal [who had died either of "homicide due to cardiopulmonary arrest from “law enforcement subdual, restraint, and neck compression" OR] a drug-overdose, or [both while in police custody]. So it is hardly surprising that some Americans might find themselves a little disconcerted by the globally-televised massacre of 10,000 or 20,000 helpless Gazan civilians, and begin expressing some hostility towards those who proudly endorse such Israeli actions, while the latter have angrily demanded that any such criticism be firmly suppressed.

In most European countries, freedom of speech has long been sharply circumscribed, so Germany quickly banned public pro-Palestinian protests while France is considering legislation mandating long prison sentences for individuals charged with inciting hostility towards Israel.

But given America’s First Amendment protections, our situation is somewhat different, and such ideological restrictions must be implemented haphazardly. The New York Times ran two consecutive major articles, the first of them on the front-page, regarding the efforts of our elite campuses to combat what pro-Israel students consider anti-Semitic sentiments, with some colleges banning all pro-Palestinian student groups.

The administrations of our leading universities are famously liberal, but very similar denunciations of all anti-Israel sentiments were uniform among the conservative participants in the recent Republican Presidential debate.


Yet despite these elite efforts, popular resistance is considerable. Over the weekend heavily-Jewish New York City saw large public marches denouncing Israel and those perceived as supporting Israeli policies, notably including the New York Times.


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To some extent this situation recalls the events of a half-century ago, when Third World and pro-Soviet governments led a majority of the UN General Assembly to pass a resolution equating Zionism with racism, a perspective that has been resurrected by leftist and Communist groups, who now include such denunications in their public statements and protest signs.

Given these controversial claims, I think it’s worth investigating the origins and history of Zionism, the ideological movement founded in the late nineteenth century that ultimately created the State of Israel. After all, even many who are sometimes very critical of particular Israeli policies still declare themselves to be “proud Zionists.”

From its inception, Zionism had advocated the creation of a Jewish nation-state much along the lines of so many of those others established or advocated in nineteenth century Europe, afterward to be populated by the ingathering of most of the world’s diaspora Jews and with the ancient Jewish homeland of Palestine being the preferred location.

Most modern accounts of the Zionist movement suggest that it appeared in Europe as a reaction to the severe anti-Semitism suffered by so many European Jews during the nineteenth century, and that was certainly the story briefly told in my introductory textbooks.

The universally-acknowledged founding father of Zionism was Austro-Hungarian journalist Theodore Herzl, whose name so heavily graces the modern country that he inspired, explicitly so in his namesake city of Herzilia while the metropolis of Tel Aviv is named after the title of one of his Zionist novels.

Revolutionary France had been the first European country to grant full rights of citizenship to its small Jewish minority, and during the Napoleonic Wars that followed, French armies imposed that same reform upon many of the countries they occupied, freeing Jews from their traditional legal disabilities. So for a century, France and its highly-successful and well-integrated Jewish population had been regarded as the lodestar for European Jewry, most of whom lived under the far worse conditions of Eastern Europe, especially the huge population of downtrodden Jews suffering in the fiercely anti-Semitic Russian Empire of the Czars.

But then near the end of the nineteenth century, French society was suddenly roiled for many years by one of history’s most notorious anti-Semitic incidents, the unjust conviction and harsh imprisonment of Alfred Dreyfus, a Jewish military officer who was falsely charged with espionage because of his ethnicity and on the basis of forged evidence.

Herzl had been living and working in Paris at the time, and according to his later account, the horrendous wave of French anti-Jewish hatred that he witnessed during the Dreyfus trial convinced him that Jewish assimilation was impossible and that only a Jewish-run nation-state could protect the interests of his often-persecuted people. This led him to publish The Jewish State in 1896, thereby founding the Zionist movement.

This had been the sort of brief sketch presented in my introductory history textbooks and I’d always accepted it. The notorious Dreyfus case had rocked French political life for more than a decade and was generally viewed as one of the most shocking anti-Semitic incidents in world history so its central role in provoking the Zionist movement made perfect sense. But several years ago I read a widely-praised history of anti-Semitism by a leading scholar and discovered that the true facts were actually somewhat different.

In 1991 Cambridge University Press published The Jew Accused by Albert Lindemann, a noted scholar of European ideological movements, and his book focused on exactly that era and those sorts of incidents. Although the text is quite short, running less than 300 pages, Lindemann built his discussion upon a huge foundation of secondary literature, with his footnotes drawn from the 200 works included in his extensive bibliography. As far as I could tell, he seems a very scrupulous scholar, generally providing the multiple, often conflicting accounts of a given incident, and coming to his own conclusions with considerable hesitation.

This approach is certainly demonstrated in the first of his major cases, the notorious Dreyfus affair of late 19th century France, probably one of history’s most famous anti-Semitic incidents. Although he concludes that Captain Alfred Dreyfus was very likely innocent of the charge of espionage, he notes the seemingly strong evidence that initially led to his arrest and conviction and finds—contrary to myth-making by numerous later writers—absolutely no indications that his Jewish origins played any role whatsoever in his predicament.

However, he does note some of the underlying social context to this fierce political battle. Although only one Frenchman in a thousand was Jewish, just a few years earlier a group of Jews had been the leading culprits behind several huge financial scandals that had impoverished large numbers of small investors, and the swindlers afterward escaped any punishment by means of political influence and bribery. Given this history, much of the outrage of the anti-Dreyfusards probably arose from their fears that a Jewish military spy from a very wealthy family might be able to walk free using similar tactics, and the public claims that Dreyfus’s brother was offering enormous bribes to win his release certainly strengthened this concern.

The unmistakable conclusion of Lindemann’s analysis was that if the defendant in the Dreyfus case had not been Jewish, he would have suffered an identical arrest and conviction, but lacking any wealthy and politically mobilized Jewish community to rally around him, he would have received his punishment, just or unjust, and immediately been forgotten. But because he was Jewish, the massive support his community deployed on behalf of someone widely believed to be a traitor eventually provoked a huge backlash in the non-Jewish population. Indeed, as Wikipedia notes, Herzl himself apparently believed Dreyfus to be guilty, raising strong doubts about whether the case had actually served as the inspiration for Zionism.

Although Central European Jews such as Herzl launched and initially led the Zionist movement, they failed to attract much popular support from within their own Jewish communities, which were quite settled and prosperous. The Dreyfus Affair may have dominated French politics for a dozen years, but the Dreyfusards ultimately triumphed, with the imprisoned Jewish officer released and pardoned, while his persecutors were politically broken.

Meanwhile, the miserable and impoverished Jews of the Czarist Empire were largely confined to its Pale of Settlement, and they often lived in fear of periodic pogroms, riotous massacres widely believed organized or abetted by the hostile government. Given their huge discontent, they soon became the popular base of the Zionist movement, and after Herzl’s early death in 1904, they also eventually assumed its leadership as well, with Russian-born chemist Chaim Weizmann ranking as the outstanding figure. It was Weizmann who managed to arrange Britain’s 1917 Balfour Declaration, which promised the creation of a Jewish homeland in Palestine, and he eventually served as the first president of an independent Israel once it was established in 1949.

But here as well, Lindemann’s careful scholarship effectively debunked many of the myths of Czarist anti-Semitism that had supposedly propelled the Zionist movement at the time and which I had always casually accepted.

Lindemann’s discussion of the often difficult relations between Russia’s restive Jewish minority and its huge Slavic majority is also quite interesting, and he provides numerous instances in which major incidents, supposedly demonstrating the enormously strong appeal of vicious anti-Semitism, were quite different than has been suggested by the legend. The famous Kishinev Pogrom of 1903 was obviously the result of severe ethnic tension in that city, but contrary to the regular accusations of later writers, there seems absolutely no evidence of high-level government involvement, and the widespread claims of 700 dead that so horrified the entire world were grossly exaggerated, with only 45 killed in the urban rioting. Chaim Weizmann, the future president of Israel, later promoted the story that he himself and some other brave Jewish souls had personally defended their people with revolvers in hand even as they saw the mutilated bodies of 80 Jewish victims. This account was totally fictional since Weizmann happened to have been hundreds of miles away when the riots occurred.

Although a tendency to lie and exaggerate was hardly unique to the political partisans of Russian Jewry, the existence of a powerful international network of Jewish journalists and Jewish-influenced media outlets ensured that such concocted propaganda stories might receive enormous worldwide distribution, while the truth followed far behind, if at all.

by their total disinclination to engage in agriculture or other primary-producer activities. Jewish communities expressed horror at the risk of losing their sons to the Czarist military draft, but this was simply the flip-side of the full Russian citizenship they had been granted, and no different from what was faced by their non-Jewish neighbors.

Certainly the Jews of Russia suffered greatly from widespread riots and mob attacks in the generation prior to World War I, and these did sometimes have substantial government encouragement, especially in the aftermath of the very heavy Jewish role in the 1905 Revolution. But we should keep in mind that a Jewish plotter had been implicated in the killing of Czar Alexander II, and Jewish assassins had also struck down several top Russian ministers and numerous other government officials. If the last decade or two had seen American Muslims assassinate a sitting U.S. President, various leading Cabinet members, and a host of our other elected and appointed officials, surely the position of Muslims in this country would have become a very uncomfortable one.

As Lindemann candidly describes the tension between Russia’s very rapidly growing Jewish population and its governing authorities, he cannot avoid mentioning the notorious Jewish reputation for bribery, corruption, and general dishonesty, with numerous figures of all political backgrounds noting that the remarkable Jewish propensity to commit perjury in the courtroom led to severe problems in the effective administration of justice. The eminent American sociologist E.A. Ross, writing in 1913, characterized the regular behavior of Eastern European Jews in very similar terms.

Lindemann is hardly alone in suggesting that the supposedly rampant anti-Semitism of Czarist Russia has often been wildly exaggerated or mischaracterized. As I explained:

For decades most Americans would have ranked Nobel Laureate Alexander Solzhenitsyn as among the world’s greatest literary figures, and his Gulag Archipelago alone sold over 10 million copies. But his last work was a massive two-volume account of the tragic 200 years of shared history between Russians and Jews, and despite its 2002 release in Russian and numerous other world languages, there has yet to be an authorized English translation, though various partial editions have circulated on the Internet in samizdat form.

At one point, a full English version was briefly available for sale at Amazon.com and I purchased it. Glancing through a few sections, the work appeared quite even-handed and innocuous to me, but it seemed to provide a far more detailed and uncensored account than anything else previously available, which obviously was the problem.

Solzhenitysn’s exhaustive account portrays the enormous efforts that the Czarist government undertook to integrate and accommodate its very rapidly growing Jewish population, including freely providing some of its best land for settlement, while simultaneously attempting to protect the vulnerable Slavic peasantry from traditional Jewish exploitation based upon usury, alcohol sales, and outright criminal activity.

Indeed, among the Jews of the Russian Empire, Zionism sometimes seemed to function more as an ideological vehicle for maintaining ethnic unity and cohesion rather than reflecting any actual intent to relocate to Palestine. And this perhaps highlights a central inspiration and source for Zionism quite possibly more important than the supposed anti-Semitic provocations so universally emphasized in our standard histories.

While my introductory textbooks always mentioned Herzl as the founder of Zionism, they almost invariably omitted the name of Max Nordau, his closest ally and collaborator in the creation of the movement, a fellow Austro-Hungarian living in Paris who also claimed to have been radicalized by the Dreyfus Affair. As a physician and author, Nordau had already become a prominent public intellectual, and his strong adherence to the new Zionist cause gave it considerable impetus compared to the relatively obscure Herzl. Furthermore, it was Nordau who organized the international Zionist Congresses that became the centerpiece of the movement, which he led after Herzl’s death.

Given Nordau’s central role in the creation of Zionism, his name would surely have always been paired with Herzl’s in all our historical accounts, but he suffers from one disqualifying factor. Nordau is actually best known as one of the founding fathers of nineteenth century European racialism, an ideological current that probably provides an important insight into the true roots of Zionism. I suspect that his crucial role in creating Zionism has been carefully air-brushed out of all popular accounts in order to avoid drawing undue attention to the very close ties between those two nineteenth century intellectual movements, which these days are viewed in starkly different terms by the liberal Jews who dominate our academic life and our media outlets.

Indeed, although few present-day Westerners might suspect it, European Jews such as Nordau had actually played an absolutely central role in the birth of modern racialism, of which Zionism may be regarded as merely an offshoot movement.

In 1911, the eminent German political economist Werner Sombart had published The Jews and Modern Capitalism in which he had famously argued that the roots of the European capitalist economy might best be traced to the influence of its tiny Jewish population, and a strong case might be made that the same was true of European racialism as well. In Esau’s Tears, a much longer and more comprehensive sequel to his earlier book on the history of anti-Semitism, Lindemann pointed to the otherwise unrecognized role of Jewish-born British Prime Minister Benjamin Disraeli, one of the leading figures of the late nineteenth century, and a prominent novelist before he entered politics:

Lindemann also notes Disraeli’s focus on the extreme importance of race and racial origins, a central aspect of traditional Jewish religious doctrine. He reasonably suggests that this must surely have had a huge influence upon the rise of those political ideas, given that Disraeli’s public profile and stature were so much greater than the mere writers or activists whom our history books usually place at center stage. In fact, Houston Stewart Chamberlain, a leading racial theorist, actually cited Disraeli as a key source for his ideas. Jewish intellectuals such as Max Nordau and Cesare Lombroso are already widely recognized as leading figures in the rise of the racial science of that era, but Disraeli’s under-appreciated role may have actually been far greater. The deep Jewish roots of European racialist movements are hardly something that many present-day Jews would want widely known.

Zionism has obviously always been recognized as a nationalist movement and nationalism is first-cousin to racialism. But the undeniable fact that Zionism’s co-founder was one of Europe’s leading racialists may help render certain elements of its later trajectory much less surprising.

In the aftermath of the First World War, the Zionist movement was dramatically impacted by several important political developments.

Britain had seized Palestine from the Ottoman Empire and based upon the Balfour Declaration opened the country to substantial Jewish immigration, thereby providing a fulfillment of Zionist aspirations but naturally also arousing growing resentment and fears among the local Palestinian Arab inhabitants.

Almost simultaneously with Balfour’s public statement, the Bolshevik Revolution had swept away centuries of Czarist rule in Russia, and after years of bitter civil war, the overwhelmingly Jewish Bolshevik leadership consolidated its power over the world’s largest country and its huge population. Meanwhile, Jewish-led Bolshevik uprisings had narrowly failed to gain control of Hungary and portions of Germany, so much of the rest of the world became very fearful of this new revolutionry threat, whose base of support in most countries was found in their small Jewish minorities.

These twin developments became the subject of a long 1920 article that Cabinet Minister Winston Churchill published in one of Britain’s leading newspapers. He condemned Bolshevism as a worldwide menace, emphasizing its overwhelmingly Jewish leadership. But he also argued that Zionism and Bolshevism were locked in a fierce struggle for influence among global Jewry, and the security of the world depended upon most Jews taking the path of the former movement.

Meanwhile, Benito Mussolini had been a leading Italian Socialist, but during the war he had rejected that doctrine and sharing the concerns of Churchill over the threat of Bolshevism, he created his own Fascist movement, which he brought to power in 1922. Many of his most important early supporters were drawn from Italy’s tiny and heavily-assimilated Jewish population.

So with Soviet Bolshevism and Italian Fascism both regarded as successful, rising ideological movements, they naturally attracted their share of admirers and imitators across the world, not least within Zionism. The larger Zionist factions followed the path of Marxism and were dominated by Russian-born David Ben-Gurion, who idolized Lenin and eventually became Israel’s first prime minister. But smaller, right-wing Zionist factions instead drew their inspiration from the Fascism of Mussolini.

In a long 2018 article, I’d described some of that important historical reality, almost completely unknown to nearly all present-day Americans, even including those strongly focused upon the origins of Israel. I drew upon the ground-breaking research of Lenni Brenner, an anti-Zionist of the Trotskyite persuasion and Jewish origins, which he had published in his 1983 book Zionism in the Age of the Dictators, as well as his later companion volume, 51 Documents: Zionist Collaboration with the Nazis.

Among other things, Brenner provides considerable evidence that the larger and somewhat more mainstream right-wing Zionist faction later led by future Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin was almost invariably regarded as a Fascist movement during the 1930s, even apart from its warm admiration for Mussolini’s Italian regime. This was hardly such a dark secret in that period given that its main Palestine newspaper carried a regular column by a top ideological leader entitled “Diary of a Fascist.” During one of the major international Zionist conferences, factional leader Vladimir Jabotinsky entered the hall with his brown-shirted followers in full military formation, leading the chair to ban the wearing of uniforms in order to avoid a riot, and his faction was soon defeated politically and eventually expelled from the Zionist umbrella organization. This major setback was largely due to the widespread hostility the group had aroused after two of its members were arrested by British police for the recent assassination of Chaim Arlosoroff, one of the highest-ranking Zionist officials based in Palestine.

Indeed, forty years ago the New York Times and other leading world newspapers revealed that during World War II, the right-wing Zionist faction led by Yitzhak Shamir, the sitting Prime Minister of Israel, had actively sought to enlist in the Axis powers:

Apparently, during the late 1930s, Shamir and his small Zionist faction had become great admirers of the Italian Fascists and German Nazis, and after World War II broke out, they had made repeated attempts to contact Mussolini and the German leadership in 1940 and 1941, hoping to enlist in the Axis Powers as their Palestine affiliate, and undertake a campaign of attacks and espionage against the local British forces, then share in the political booty after Hitler’s inevitable triumph.

Among other things, there were long excerpts from the official letters sent to Mussolini ferociously denouncing the “decadent” democratic systems of Britain and France that he was opposing, and assuring Il Duce that such ridiculous political notions would have no future place in the totalitarian Jewish client state they hoped to establish under his auspices in Palestine.

As it happens, both Germany and Italy were preoccupied with larger geopolitical issues at the time, and given the small size of Shamir’s Zionist faction, not much seems to have ever come of those efforts. But the idea of the sitting Prime Minister of the Jewish State having spent his early wartime years as an unrequited Nazi ally was certainly something that sticks in one’s mind, not quite conforming to the traditional narrative of that era which I had always accepted.

Most remarkably, the revelation of Shamir’s pro-Axis past seems to have had only a relatively minor impact upon his political standing within Israeli society. I would think that any American political figure found to have supported a military alliance with Nazi Germany during the Second World War would have had a very difficult time surviving the resulting political scandal, and the same would surely be true for politicians in Britain, France, or most other western nations. But although there was certainly some embarrassment in the Israeli press, especially after the shocking story reached the international headlines, apparently most Israelis took the whole matter in stride, and Shamir stayed in office for another year, then later served a second, much longer term as Prime Minister during 1986-1992. The Jews of Israel apparently regarded Nazi Germany quite differently than did most Americans, let alone most American Jews.


We would hardly be surprised that a stridently-racialist ideological movement inspired by Mussolini might have sought to join the Axis powers during World War II. But ironically enough, as Brenner’s remarkable research revealed, the mainstream Zionist movement, despite its leftist orientation and Marxist beliefs, had actually spent most of the 1930s aligned with Nazi Germany in a far more important partnership, one that played a crucial role in the creation of Israel.

The cover of the 2014 paperback edition of Brenner’s book displays the commemorative medal struck by Nazi Germany to mark its Zionist alliance, with a Star-of-David on the front face and a Swastika on the obverse. But oddly enough, this symbolic medallion actually had absolutely no connection with the unsuccessful attempts by Shamir’s small faction to arrange a Nazi military alliance during World War II.

Although the Germans paid little attention to the entreaties of that minor organization, the far larger and more influential mainstream Zionist movement of Chaim Weizmann and David Ben-Gurion was something else entirely. And during most of the 1930s, these other Zionists had formed an important economic partnership with Nazi Germany, based upon an obvious commonality of interests. After all, Hitler regarded Germany’s one percent Jewish population as a disruptive and potentially dangerous element which he wanted gone, and the Middle East seemed as good a destination for them as any other. Meanwhile, the Zionists had very similar objectives, and the creation of their new national homeland in Palestine obviously required both Jewish immigrants and Jewish financial investment.

After Hitler had been named Chancellor in 1933, outraged Jews worldwide had quickly launched an economic boycott, hoping to bring Germany to its knees, with London’s Daily Express famously running the banner headline “Judea Declares War on Germany.” Jewish political and economic influence, then just like now, was very considerable, and in the depths of the Great Depression, impoverished Germany needed to export or die, so a large scale boycott in major German markets posed a potentially serious threat. But this exact situation provided Zionist groups with an excellent opportunity to offer the Germans a means of breaking that trade embargo, and they demanded favorable terms for the export of high-quality German manufactured goods to Palestine, together with accompanying German Jews. Once word of this major Ha’avara or “Transfer Agreement” with the Nazis came out at a 1933 Zionist Convention, many Jews and Zionists were outraged, and it led to various splits and controversies. But the economic deal was too good to resist, and it went forward and quickly grew.

The importance of the Nazi-Zionist pact for Israel’s establishment is difficult to overstate. According to a 1974 analysis in Jewish Frontier cited by Brenner, between 1933 and 1939 over 60% of all the investment in Jewish Palestine came from Nazi Germany. The worldwide impoverishment of the Great Depression had drastically reduced ongoing Jewish financial support from all other sources, and Brenner reasonably suggests that without Hitler’s financial backing, the nascent Jewish colony, so tiny and fragile, might easily have shriveled up and died during that difficult period.

Such a conclusion leads to fascinating hypotheticals. When I first stumbled across references to the Ha’avara Agreement on websites here and there, one of the commenters mentioning the issue half-jokingly suggested that if Hitler had won the war, statues would surely have been built to him throughout Israel and he would today be recognized by Jews everywhere as the heroic Gentile leader who had played the central role in reestablishing a national homeland for the Jewish people in Palestine after almost 2000 years of bitter exile.

This sort of astonishing counter-factual possibility is not nearly as totally absurd as it might sound to our present-day ears. We must recognize that our historical understanding of reality is shaped by the media, and media organs are controlled by the winners of major wars and their allies, with inconvenient details often excluded to avoid confusing the public. It is undeniably true that in his 1924 book Mein Kampf, Hitler had written all sorts of hostile and nasty things about Jews, especially those who were recent immigrants from Eastern Europe, but when I read the book back in high school, I was a little surprised to discover that these anti-Jewish sentiments hardly seemed central to his text. Furthermore, just a couple of years earlier, a vastly more prominent public figure such as British Minister Winston Churchill had published sentiments nearly as hostile and nasty, focusing on the monstrous crimes being committed by Bolshevik Jews. (sic) [Churchill was a rabid anti-communist.—Ed]  In Albert Lindemann’s Esau’s Tears, I was surprised to discover that the author of the famous Balfour Declaration, the foundation of the Zionist project, was apparently also quite hostile to Jews, with an element of his motivation probably being his desire to exclude them from Britain.

Once Hitler consolidated power in Germany, he quickly outlawed all other political organizations for the German people, with only the Nazi Party and Nazi political symbols being legally permitted. But a special exception was made for German Jews, and Germany’s local Zionist Party was accorded complete legal status, with Zionist marches, Zionist uniforms, and Zionist flags all fully permitted. Under Hitler, there was strict censorship of all German publications, but the weekly Zionist newspaper was freely sold at all newsstands and street corners. The clear notion seemed to be that a German National Socialist Party was the proper political home for the country’s 99% German majority, while Zionist National Socialism would fill the same role for the tiny Jewish minority.

In 1934, Zionist leaders invited an important SS official to spend six months visiting the Jewish settlement in Palestine, and upon his return, his very favorable impressions of the growing Zionist enterprise were published as a massive 12-part series in Joseph Goebbel’s Der Angriff (The Attack), the flagship media organ of the Nazi Party, bearing the descriptive title “A Nazi Goes to Palestine.” In his very angry 1920 critique of Jewish Bolshevik activity, Churchill had argued that Zionism was locked in a fierce battle with Bolshevism for the soul of European Jewry, and only its victory might ensure amicable future relations between Jew and Gentile. Based on available evidence, Hitler and many of the other Nazi leaders seemed to have reached a somewhat similar conclusion by the mid-1930s.

After the controversy surrounding Shamir’s Nazi ties erupted into the headlines, Brenner’s material became the grist for an important article by Edward Mortimer, the longtime Middle East expert at the august Times of London, and the 2014 edition of the book includes some choice extracts from Mortimer’s February 11, 1984 Times piece, emphasizing the extremely harsh sentiments expressed by Zionist leaders toward Diaspora Jewry, helping to explain why the Zionist partnership with Nazi Germany was less difficult than one might expect.

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Who told a Berlin audience in March 1912 that “each country can absorb only a limited number of Jews, if she doesn’t want disorders in her stomach. Germany already has too many Jews”?

No, not Adolf Hitler but Chaim Weizmann, later president of the World Zionist Organization and later still the first president of the state of Israel.

And where might you find the following assertion, originally composed in 1917 but republished as late as 1936: “The Jew is a caricature of a normal, natural human being, both physically and spiritually. As an individual in society he revolts and throws off the harness of social obligation, knows no order nor discipline”?

Not in Der Sturmer but in the organ of the Zionist youth organization, Hashomer Hatzair.

As the above quoted statement reveals, Zionism itself encouraged and exploited self-hatred in the Diaspora. It started from the assumption that anti-Semitism was inevitable and even in a sense justified so long as Jews were outside the land of Israel.

It is true that only an extreme lunatic fringe of Zionism went so far as to offer to join the war on Germany’s side in 1941, in the hope of establishing “the historical Jewish state on a national and totalitarian basis, and bound by a treaty with the German Reich.” Unfortunately this was the group which the present Prime Minister of Israel chose to join.

As I summarized those Zionist sentiments:

The very uncomfortable truth is that the harsh characterizations of Diaspora Jewry found in the pages of Mein Kampf were not all that different from what was voiced by Zionism’s founding fathers and its subsequent leaders, so the cooperation of those two ideological movements was not really so totally surprising.

Also quite ironic was the role of Adolf Eichmann, whose name today probably ranks as one of the most famous half-dozen Nazis in history, due to his postwar 1960 kidnapping by Israeli agents, followed by his public show-trial and execution as a war-criminal. As it happens, Eichmann had been a central Nazi figure in the Zionist alliance, even studying Hebrew and apparently becoming something of a philo-Semite during the years of his close collaboration with top Zionist leaders.

But in the aftermath of the total Allied victory in World War II and the massive demonization of Nazi Germany, not least by their erstwhile Jewish allies, the crucial role of the 1930s Nazi-Zionist economic partnership became a desperately-suppressed secret for the newly established Israeli government, one that might have destroyed the fledgling country if it became widely known. Concerns that Eichmann might eventually reveal that long-hidden arrangement may have been the primary reason behind his elimination.

The deep racialist roots and historic Nazi ties of the Zionist movement and the Israeli state that it created are strikingly apparent to anyone who investigates the nature of modern Israeli society, though our overwhelmingly pro-Israel media hardly emphasizes these ideological embarrassments.

Ironically enough, Israel today is one of very few countries with a similar sort of strictly racially-based criteria for citizenship status and other privileges, with the Jewish-only immigration policy now often enforced by DNA testing, and marriages between Jews and non-Jews legally prohibited. A few years ago, the world media also carried the remarkable story of a Palestinian Arab sentenced to prison for rape because he had had consensual sexual relations with a Jewish woman by passing himself off as a fellow Jew.

Since Orthodox Judaism is strictly matrilineal and controls Israeli law, even Jews of other branches can experience unexpected difficulties due to conflicts between personal ethnic identity and official legal status. The vast majority of the wealthier and more influential Jewish families worldwide do not follow Orthodox religious traditions, and over the generations, they have often taken Gentile wives. However, even if the latter had converted to Judaism, their conversions are considered invalid by the Orthodox Rabbinate, and none of their resulting descendants are considered Jewish. So if some members of these families later develop a deep commitment to their Jewish heritage and immigrate to Israel, they are sometimes outraged to discover that they are officially classified as “goyim” under Orthodox law and legally prohibited from marrying Jews. These major political controversies periodically erupt and sometimes reach the international media.

Now it seems to me that any American official who proposed racial DNA tests to decide upon the admission or exclusion of prospective immigrants would have a very difficult time remaining in office, with the Jewish-activists of organizations like the ADL probably leading the attack. And the same would surely be true for any prosecutor or judge who sent non-whites to prison for the crime of “passing” as whites and thereby managing to seduce women from that latter group. A similar fate would befall advocates of such policies in Britain, France, or most other Western nations, with the local ADL-type organization certainly playing an important role. Yet in Israel, such existing laws merely occasion a little temporary embarrassment when they are covered in the international media, and then invariably remain in place after the commotion has died down and been forgotten. These sorts of issues are considered of little more importance than were the past wartime Nazi ties of the Israeli prime minister throughout most of the 1980s.

But perhaps the solution to this puzzling difference in public reaction lies in an old joke. A leftist wit once claimed that the reason America has never had a military coup is that it is the only country in the world that lacks an American embassy to organize such activities. And unlike the U.S., Britain, France, and many other predominately-white countries, Israel has no domestic Jewish-activist organization filling the powerful role of the ADL.

Jewish über oligarch Ihor Kolomoyskyi—funder of Nazi militias

Over the last few years, many outside observers have noted a seemingly very odd political situation in Ukraine. That unfortunate country possesses powerful militant groups, whose public symbols, stated ideology, and political ancestry all unmistakably mark them as Neo-Nazis. Yet those violent Neo-Nazi elements are all being bankrolled and controlled by a Jewish Oligarch who holds dual Israeli citizenship. Furthermore, that peculiar alliance had been mid-wifed and blessed by some of America’s leading Jewish Neocon figures, such as Victoria Nuland, who have successfully used their media influence to keep such explosive facts away from the American public.

At first glance, a close relationship between Jewish Israelis and European Neo-Nazis seems as grotesque and bizarre a misalliance as one could imagine, but after recently reading Brenner’s fascinating book, my perspective substantially shifted. Indeed, the main difference between then and now is that during the 1930s, Zionist factions represented a very insignificant junior partner to a powerful Third Reich, while these days it is the Nazis who occupy the role of eager suppliants to the formidable power of International Zionism, which now so heavily dominates the American political system and through it, much of the world.

Consider the contrasting treatment of anti-Semitism, racism, and the Jewish nationalism known as Zionism in our modern Western world, whose dominant political and media elites assign extremely different moral values to these disparate movements. Several years ago I explained one way of understanding the relationship between these different ideologies.

A cohesive, organized group generally possesses huge advantages over a teeming mass of atomized individuals, much like a disciplined Macedonian Phalanx could easily defeat a vastly larger body of disorganized infantry. Many years ago, on some website somewhere I came across a very insightful comment regarding the obvious connection between “anti-Semitism” and “racism,” which our mainstream media organs identify as two of the world’s greatest evils. Under this analysis, “anti-Semitism” represents the tendency to criticize or resist Jewish social cohesion, while “racism” represents the attempt of white Gentiles to maintain a similar social cohesion of their own. To the extent that the ideological emanations from our centralized media organs serve to strengthen and protect Jewish cohesion while attacking and dissolving any similar cohesion on the part of their Gentile counterparts, the former will obviously gain enormous advantages in resource-competition against the latter.

Related Reading:


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ABOUT THE AUTHOR / SOURCE
A free-speech defender, Ron Unz is the Unz Review's founding and chief editor.


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• RBN’s Nick Cruse on The Need for Black-Leftist Media, Combatting Breadtubers & Fake Leftists

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NICK CRUSE • CARLOS GALLEGO
The Identity Paradox Podcast

ANNOTATED BY PATRICE GREANVILLE
   THIS IS A REPOST • FIRST RUN MAR 9, 2022   


Mar 9, 2022. MINNEAPOLIS


RBN's Nick Cruse

RBN's co-founder Nick Cruse


https://theidentityparadox.com/


SPECIAL FOOTNOTE—
vaush & THE "BREADTUBE EFFECT" 
Breadtuber "Vaush" happens to be one of the most notorious fake leftists on YouTube. A Beverly Hills dilettante provocateur, undeniably a member of the boutique left , Vaush chiefly collects fans (like Bill Buckley and Ayn Rand once did on US campuses, and, probably still do) among the young, alienated, disoriented males who admire ostensibly ballsy discourse, harbor intellectual conceits, and who are as a rule unable to see through the narcissistic claptrap served by reactionaries posing as "progressives" or as intellectuals trying to serve the national interest. (Incidentally, in many ways, Vaush resembles another "success" in this field, a Jesuit-educated guy that uses the moniker "Destiny"). 

Judge for yourself
Below a clip from Vaush's Wiki page.  Note that, obviously to gain credibility as "left" champions or simply confuse the naive, these characters frequently endorse genuinely popular positions in left circles, such as ending the embargo on Cuba, or US withdrawal from some doomed imperial project such as Afghanistan. However, when it comes to more immediately meaningful positions, such as where you side on the Ukraine War, they invariably side with the Deep State. Thus, their fatuous verborrhea aside, their core contradictions are easy to spot but unfortunately invisible to the politically callow. Probably no genuine leftist would ever support capitalism, the fount of innumerable ills—from grotesque inequality to economic insecurity and endless militarism (not to mention chief progenitor of fascism and imperialism). Such vices never seem to bother libertarians, of course, who thrive in ahistoricism.  Vaush is a proud "libertarian socialist",  a popular label in some circles that really hides a devious oxymoron, the definition of someone who in reality does not understand, nor wishes to understand, what true socialism is, and who, by choosing such obviously tendentious label, is proclaming to one and all that socialism is inherently  tyrannical.  (The "tyranny" of socialism is an article of faith among capitalism's adherents).  Nor would a true leftist ever recommend a vote for Joe Biden!  Biden, the very incarnation—as Hillary is—of duopolist corruption, liberal interventionism, WOKE imperialism and many other crimes.  

Stylistically, Vaush and his ilk seem to specialise in facile, superficial scholarship and machine-gun recitation of facts and pseudo facts designed to overwhelm the opponent. Entering the ring with one of these guys is like subjecting yourself to a gratuitous mental mugging. It's an unfortunate fact that bourgeois culture naturally, and I should say abundantly, produces these types. All the CIA and the rest of the imperial goons have to do is cultivate them a bit. Give them some support through their vast network of propaganda assets, and voilá, another influential charismatic faker to the defense of the status quo. —PG

 
[Ian] Kochinski [Vaush] is a self-described progressive,[14] anti-fascist,[36][37] and libertarian socialist.[12][28][37] He has also described himself as a "dirtbag leftist" and "a big fan of democracy".[36][13] In the 2020 United States presidential election, he opposed the "Bernie or Bust" movement and urged people to vote for Joe Biden,[12] calling a refusal to vote "stupid" and motivated by "[an] incredibly narcissistic 'doomerism' that prevents people from engaging in meaningful action".[12]Kochinski opposes the United States embargo against Cuba and supported the withdrawal of United States troops from Afghanistan. He also opposed Donald Trump's withdrawal of United States troops from Rojava.[38] While believing that tech companies have too much power, Kochinski also felt that Donald Trump being banned from various social media websites was an "unequivocally good thing".[12] In 2022, Kochinski posted multiple videos and broadcast multiple livestreams condemning the Russian invasion of Ukraine.[37][39]

ADDENDUM

The co-optation of the real left by the fake left, the "breadtubers", the WOKE crowd, etc., is such an important and urgent topic, that I thought I should mention here that Caleb Maupin, a well-known journalist, blogger and Marxist Leninist (founder of the CPI), wrote a whole book on the Breadtuber phenomenon. It is aptly called One of the reviewers filed this fine evaluation which I think sheds more light on this often muddled topic:

5.0 out of 5 stars A great explanation of what BreadTube is and outlining a better way forward

Reviewed in the United States on July 4, 2021

In this clearly provocative, yet wildly informative and at times entertaining study of a heavily-publicized section of the American Left, Caleb Maupin reveals the true colors of BreadTube: nothing more than a US-sponsored counter gang filled with wild pessimism, a disturbing advocation for violence against anyone that disagrees with their mindset, and other bizarre mindsets that do not seem out-of-place in a cult; all sprinkled with leftist buzzwords.

Before delving into the book, one must ask: just what in the world is “BreadTube?” Maupin devotes the first chapter in his book defining what BreadTube is and who are the most prominent members of the group. In short, Maupin states that BreadTube is a collection of YouTube personalities with pseudo-leftist rhetoric and near-high quality videomaking that usually devote time into debunking right-wing ideas while disturbingly spending more time attacking actual left-wing personalities such as Maupin himself.

BreadTube Serves Imperialism goes further and states that the ideas that BreadTube offers are not new or revolutionary, but the same tired pessimistic deviant middle-class trends known since the past two centuries, but with a twist: misinforming people interested in left-wing politics and attacking actual socialist and progressive countries across the globe.

Among some of the interesting personalities Maupin attacks is Ian “Vaush” Kochinski, a pampered video game-playing kid from Beverly Hills who twists the words of Marxist intellectuals to fit the US liberal agenda while labelling anyone in the socialist camp (or at the very least, progressive minded or sympathetic to actual and historic socialist countries) as fascists. How such mental gymnastics are conducted in Kochinski’s mind is almost Olympic gold-medal worthy (good luck justifying how Albert Einstein is the same as the people he fled from), and this is not mentioning his citation of US-backed media platforms or Kochinski’s pedophilic behavior.

Another personality that Maupin attacks is Matt “Thought Slime,” a Canadian internet personality who spends most of his time discussing depression and suicide on his YouTube channel while either cyberbullying actual leftists (imitating Kochinski’s tactic of labelling leftists as fascists) or sloppily explaining socialist or other leftist ideas, notably believing that a Leninist political concept called Democratic Centralism is some type of economic planning.

Much time is devoted towards debunking BreadTube lies while at the same time explaining actual socialism, and Maupin [has] clearly done his research. His labelling of BreadTube as a counter gang comes from the term that British officer Frank Kitson used during his time in suppressing an anti-colonial revolt in Kenya. During that operation, Kitson directed the British army to provide support towards Kenyan gangs that spoke the language of the anti-colonial Kenyan fighters, but actually fought against the anti-colonial movement and commit atrocities that can be blamed on the anti-colonial fighters. It was this concept of counter gangs that also steered US policy during the Cold War, where the US provided covert support to alleged leftist movements who do not fight for actual leftist goals, but spend time attacking leftists. The atrocities of the Khmer Rouge come to mind, and it convincingly makes sense to call BreadTube another countergang.

Although Maupin does not flat-out state that BreadTube is some CIA-organization, but the fact that BreadTube is given publicity by mainstream outlets like the New York Times certainly adds fuel to the fire.

As of July 4, 2021, Maupin’s book is number one book on anarchism on Amazon. In my opinion it is probably because of the internet publicity that the book is getting, although it is a well-researched and incredibly informative book. The people of BreadTube certainly have some interesting reactions towards the book, and that is putting it mildly. Kochinski claims that BreadTube Serves Imperialism is all about him, even though Maupin only devotes 3 ½ pages to him. “Thought Slime’s” twitter feed has him on the self-defense, while his fans constantly name-call Maupin (notably the bizarre mispronunciation of Burger King labelled at Maupin, even though “Thought Slime” was the first person to use the mispronunciation). Among many accusations labelled (sic) against the book is the belief that it has no sources or citations. Of course, simply reading the book will show that Maupin does cite his sources and has a vast bibliography backing up his argument (granted, the citation is rather unorthodox from my perspective, a grad student majoring in history, but this is just nitpicking). Looking further into the book’s Amazon page, it seems that actual criticisms of the book are not really actual criticisms. The top critical review of BreadTube Serves Imperialism is nothing more than a rage-induced diatribe from someone who clearly has not read the book (and that is not because the username has a verified purchase label in it). Among the many claims, the reviewer claims that Maupin does not define or understand socialism (he does cite the definition of socialism in the very first paragraph of a section in chapter 2 titled “The Marxist Definition of Socialism”). Another baffling “critique” this particular reviewer makes is that BreadTube Serves Imperialism has no logical consistency; as if one chapter devoting time into what BreadTube is before devoting the next three chapters debunking BreadTube accusations into explaining socialism, communism, fascism, counter gangs, and the mindset of left-wing pessimism is not considered logical consistency.


Maupin has a gift that not many Marxist and socialist theorists have: translating these ideas into an easy and understandable language as well as arguing for socialism with economic data (something that BreadTube suspiciously rejects, (not with one of them foolishly stating “What does life expectancy prove?”). The addition of an appendix detailing his journey into Marxism certainly helps make Maupin a relatable human being who does not display a sense of self-righteousness or a superiority complex. Breadtube Serves Imperialism is a book that is definitely worth reading for anyone who has a genuine interest in socialism or to actually help improve the current state of affairs in a collapsing country like the United States.


ABOUT THE AUTHORS / SOURCE
Citizen journalist, vlogger and geopolitical analyst Nick Cruse is co-founder of the Revolutionary Blackout Network (RBN). Carlos Gallego is a Distinguished English Teaching Pofessor at St. Olaf Colege. Patrice Greanville is TGP's founding editor.



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TRUE ANTI-SEMITES

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OpEds

Nakba trek—a trail of tears for the victims of Jewish colonialist settlers. The Cherokees, Chickasaws, Choctaws, Creeks, and Seminoles would understand.


A curious effect inevitably results when a trendy term, a slang neologism, or a catch-word is used to death.  It loses all meaning along with its currency and is dropped from hip vocabulary.  This fate impends for the hysterically abused pejorative “anti-Semitic”.

The term had a legitimate beginning, as used to describe the historic persecution of Jews in ignorant, Christian-indoctrinated Europe where vicious pogroms occurred in many countries over hundreds of years.  It found its perfect application when applied to the industrial-scale murder of Jews by the monstrous Nazi death machine during WWII, which exposed the psychotic prejudice that fueled that detestable, methodical slaughter.

After the horror of the Holocaust was known to the world, the term underwent a subtle modification in connotation, from being a direct indictment of murderous prejudice, to being conceived as a kind of conceptual shield, a defense against any criticism of the de facto transformation, by violence, of Palestine, with its long established population of Arab people, into Israel.

The chief proponents and prime movers in this transformation, by which the state of Israel was created, from the initiator of the Zionist idea, Theodore Herzl, through Chaim Weitzmann, its forceful lobbyist and Israel’s first President, David Ben-Gurion, its first Premier, and Moshe Dayan, its early Military Chief, were all of one unified mind in regard to that process.  Their intent was to colonize Palestine and forcibly eject the Palestinian people, and it was stated in speech and writing by all of them, without any equivocation or evasion.  They agreed that the Palestinians they intended to displace, remove, and eliminate to create Eretz Israel, were, and would remain, their enemies, but that their expulsion was the only solution, and they would see to it that it was done.

The psychotic rape of European Jewry by the Nazis had done more than killed millions of them; it had created such deep and ineradicable horror in those who survived that it became the absolute determinant of their psycho-emotional response to expressed prejudice.  Opposition to the inundation of Palestine by refugee European Jews after WWII was declared anti-Semitic by Zionist officialdom.  This was a shift in use of the term that, in defending the influx of Jews, evaded the point of opposition: the overwhelming of the native population by Jewish immigrants.  Driving this subtle shift in connotation was the determination of Zionist leaders to create a Jewish state, no matter that it could only be done by violence, and the theft of Palestinian land.

In 1948, after months of intermittent mayhem, Zionist organized military power attacked a people with scant means to defend itself.  Palestinians were assaulted in their villages, brutalized and murdered, until some 700 thousand had been evicted from land  their ancestors had held for centuries.  Their claim to the land was historic occupation; the claim of Zionists—fantastic on its face—was based on imaginative legends in which a putative god of ugly, demented ferocity had helped them murderously subdue it thousands of years ago.  This mythic yarn supposedly gave Jews clear title to a land where they had not lived for millennia.


 SIDEBAR

The village of Safsaf (“willow” in Arabic) appears on page 490 of the newest edition of Walid Khalidi’s All That Remains, a seminal book that catalogues 418 Palestinian communities that were destroyed and depopulated during the Nakba. A Palestinian eyewitness account describes the day when Zionist forces conquered the village and rounded up its residents in October 1948:

As we lined up, a few Jewish soldiers ordered four girls to accompany them to carry water for the soldiers. Instead, they took them to our empty houses and raped them. About seventy of our men were blindfolded and shot to death, one after the other, in front of us. The soldiers took their bodies and threw them on the cement covering of the village’s spring and dumped sand on them.


After the Nakba—The Catastrophe, to Palestinians—Jewish rule was supreme.  Hostility in Arab states erupted in wars that Israel, increasingly powerful, won decisively, while abuse of its captive people and serial theft of their land engendered disapproval in much of the world.  As Israel evolved from its Socialist Labor beginnings into a massive Corporate Capitalist, militarist state, it strove to justify itself by making “anti-Semitism” the reason for any challenge of its right to do with Palestinians as it pleased.  The dehumanizing terror Israel inflicted on them, created the backlash of Intifadas, which brought only greater violence from the apartheid military tyranny that Israel had become.

Guilt felt by the vastly wealthy, world Jewish elite for their having escaped Nazi bullets and ovens made them powerful advocates for the establishment of Israel, and they gave enormous sums to promote it, and fund Western political leaders to build influence in their nations.  Their money bought slavish support for Israel in American and European governments, and succeeded in painting all criticism of Israel as “anti-Semitism”, in spite of its brutal record of abusing, punishing, and killing Palestinian people.


Nakba 1948 Palestine - Jaramana Refugee Camp, Damascus, Syria. Refugees not from a natural calamity, but a man-made one. (Public Domain)


Ever more rightist, viciously racist, and totalitarian in its elected status as a Jailer Society, self-mesmerized by its hoary mantra, “Never Again”, and denying any mercy to its victims, there seems now no other choice for Israel but to take its odious, insane inhumanity to the limit, though it will break them.  Hence, their intent to raze Gaza and annihilate the Palestinians, for a suicidal Hamas attack that embarrassed the neo-Nazi Netanyahu regime and showed that Palestinian will to resist cannot be eradicated.

There is, at this moment, no knowing how the Gaza debacle will end.  There may be a ceasefire and no invasion, freezing matters and guaranteeing unending misery, cruelty and strife.  There may be madness that could trigger regional, or even world, war.  All that is certain is that the threadbare cliche of “anti-Semitism” is dead, murdered in public—as Israel has murdered Palestinians— by its most fervent and cynical proponents, the Zionist monsters who own and run Israel.  Its falseness will no longer suffice to camouflage the blatant historic villainy of that criminal state.

And what of the ugly prejudice toward Jews it was always used to condemn?  Has its use eliminated that prejudice in the world?  Or has it functioned to nourish it?  Specifically, has its ghastly blitzkrieg against Palestinians won many hearts and minds to warm admiration of Israel?  I think not.  The horror of Israel’s inhumanity now seen openly has likely broadened and deepened prejudice against all Jews; a grim, ironic result, not deserved by Jews as a people, perpetrated against them by the Zionist criminals who claimed the whole race as complicit in their evil.


ABOUT THE AUTHOR / SOURCE
Associate Editor Paul Edwards is a genuine Renaissance man, gifted with many talents and participant in many events and struggles of our tormented times. Our colleague Jeff Brown, who did a fine interview with him, sums it up thusly: “Paul’s life story is worthy of a biography: a rebel youth growing up, traveling and working around the world and then a long career as a Hollywood writer. Through it all, he has never lost his lifelong wrath against US imperialism and global capitalism, while seeking social and economic justice for humanity’s 99%…”


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THE SCIENCE OF SUPERSTITION PART II

HELP ENLIGHTEN YOUR FELLOWS. BE SURE TO PASS THIS ON. SURVIVAL DEPENDS ON IT.


CAPITALISM INEVITABLY SPAWNS IMPERIALISM


BY BRUCE LERRO / PERSPECTIVES



Summary of Part I

In Part I of this 2-part article, I began by listing the typical superstitious behavior college students engage in before taking a test. I identified the conditions of superstition, what superstition is and then added the range of its scope. My piece is about socially shared and personal superstitions rather than about paranormal or spiritual beliefs. From there I probed the demography of superstition including occupations, social class and gender. Next, I talked about the importance of Pavlov’s theory of associations as well of Skinner’s consequential reinforcement in the acquiring of superstitions. I analyzed the attachment to places and objects and the theory of contagion that underlines both. Lastly, I explained the evolutionary psychological  reasons why creationism has more appeal for people than Darwinian natural section. As I mentioned in Part I this article is based on 2 books, The Science of Superstition by Bruce M. Hood and Believing in Magic by Stewart Vyse.

Growing Up Superstitious

Wishing and reality

Until Piaget’s concrete operational stage children are unclear what is the relationship between their mind and reality. Young children are not sure about the relationship between mental thoughts and actions. They think that wishing can cause things to actually happen. For example, Hood reports on children making wishes with birthday cakes with candles or when English schoolchildren bring in mascots to examinations to set up at the front of their desks. It is only after the age of seven that mind and reality are mostly differentiated

How do children understand solid and liquid objects

Hood points out that by their first birthday very young children have solid objects pretty much figured out, but they are still not sure about non-solid objects like liquid, sand and jello. They know that solid objects cannot float in thin air and they stare in amazement if shown a conjurer’s illusion to create this effect. Only after some years at school can children start to understand that while some things are improbable, they are not necessarily impossible. Skepticism is not learned until Piaget’s formal operations stage of thinking which begins, if it begins at all, in high school.

Child development beyond Piaget

Here are some of the original findings from Piaget about early childhood.

  • Out of sight out of existence: if babies cannot see an object, they think it no longer exists.
  • They do not understand objects as separate from themselves.
  • The baby believes that its own act of searching will magically recreate the object.
  • Young children behave as if their minds and action can control the world.
  • Children before the age of seven imagine that the name of the object is directly connected to the object
  • They do not understand that dreams originate inside of them as opposed to coming from the external world.
  • The inanimate world is alive. Piaget called this animism, meaning attributing a soul (anima) to an entity.
  • Children are also more prone to anthropomorphism: they think about nonhuman things as if they were human. This applies to pets and dolls.
  • Teleological thinking means thinking in terms of function – what something has been designed for. Hood gives the example that for teenagers there are many ways to travel down a hillside like walking, skipping, running, rollerblading skateboarding and sledding. But no teenager would make the mistake of saying the hill exists because of any of these different activities.

Hood points out at that magic trick experiments have revolutionized the way we interrogate babies about what they know. In other words, magicians trained in perceptual illusions will show the baby these magic tricks. The psychologists will judge their perceptual stage of development by whether or not children are surprised by magical tricks. According to these new techniques, some of Piaget’s research has become dated. Hood says that there are rules for objective knowledge that must be built on from birth.

  • Objects do not go in and out of existence like the Cheshire Cat in Alice in Wonderland.
  • Other solid objects cannot move through them.
  • Objects are bounded so that they do not break up and then come back together again.
  • Objects move on continuous paths so they cannot teleport from one part of the room to another without being seen as crossing in between.
  • Objects generally only move when something else makes them move by force of collision.

Otherwise, the objects are living things.

Ontological fusion

Babies must first decide if something is an object, a living thing or a living thing that possesses a mind. When you play the game of twenty questions the first question

In part, this ontological fusion of the physical and biological worlds exists in order to explain the causes of events. Ontological fusion occurs if a child thinks a toy (physical property) can come alive at night (biological property) and has intentions (psychological property). All these would represent a violation of the natural order.

This is understandable since the causes and mechanisms they are trying to reason about are invisible. This invisibility is a foundation stone for superstitious thinking.  

Transition objects as examples of animism and anthropomorphism

Hood informs us that one half to three quarters of all children form an emotional bond to a specific soft toy or blanket during their second year of life. They need them for reassurance when they are frightened or lonely. These objects enable the infant to make the transitions from sleeping with their mother to sleeping alone. Interestingly, transitional objects are more common in Western cultures but rare in Japan where the children sleep with their mothers well into late childhood.

What is Essentialism?

What is essentialism and what is its opposite? According to Susan Gelman, in her book The Essential Child, essential entities are discovered while non-essential entities are invented. Essential categories are intrinsic. Non-essential entities are a product of external forces. A sign of something considered to be essential is that it appears to be  unalterable, whereas something non-essential can easily be changed. Whatever is considered as essential, it remains stable across transformation. The non-essential changes across transformations. What is essential usually occurs below the surface while what is non-essential occurs on the surface of things. The traits of the essential are mutually exclusive while the non-essential have traits which are overlapping. Essential characteristics have sharp boundaries, while non-essential phenomenon have boundaries which bleed into each other. A concrete example of this is the relationship between nature and nurture. It used to be thought that nature was unchanging essential whereas nurture was non-essential and changeable. In philosophy Plato thought that otherworldly, eternal forms were essences while the changing natural and social worlds were inessential appearances.

In perfume, essences are the concentrated reduced quantity of a fragrant substance after all the impurities have been removed.  Special things are considered unique by virtue of something deep and irreplaceable. Apple seeds grown in flowerpots become apple trees. It appears there is something inside that cannot be changed. The idea that you can absorb someone’s essence is a recurrent theme in the explanations of cannibalism. Youth, energy, beauty, temperament, strength and even sexual preferences are essential qualities that we attribute to others. However, the more essential a quality is deemed to be, the greater the potential for contamination. The superstitious belief is that we can absorb the good essences of others. If the victim was young the muscular parts were given to the village boys to eat so they could absorb his power and valor.

In the philosophy of vitalism, vitalism is a life force, something that is in living animals but not in dead ones. Vitalists claim that life does not obey the known laws of physics and chemistry. When you kill a large animal close up, you can experience a sense that something leaves the body. The concept of enduring life energy is not entirely wrong.  The living body does generate energy in that it converts energy from one source to another. That’s what a metabolism is. Psychological essentialism is one of the main foundations of the universal supernatural belief that there is something more to reality. Both good and evil are perceived to be tangible essences that can be transmitted through items of clothing and contaminates them for better or for worse.

Children’s essentialism

Children assume the living world is permeated by invisible life forces and patterns that define which of the three ontological categories they belong. They assume there are essences that define what a living thing is. Children’s intuitive biology sows the seeds of its supernaturalism. It is not until age six or seven that children begin to understand what it is to be alive.

Adult essentialism

For many adults, essential, vital and connected properties operate in the world that go beyond what is scientifically proven. Hood gives us an example of kidney donation, in which the person felt they shared a link with someone because part of her was inside them. Around one in three transplant patients believe they inherit the psychological properties of the donor. The supernatural belief is that the psychological aspects of an individual are stored in organ tissue and can be transferred to the host recipient. Hood points out that:

While biological contamination through viruses and microbial infections is a real mode of transference between individuals, we also believe that other non-physical properties such as vitality, morality and even identity can similarly be transferred as if they were physical entities (194). Personal possessions, items of clothing and former dwellings of significant others will take on something of the previous owner. (195) …psychological contamination emerges naturally out of psychological essentialism (247).

The Social Mind

Long before the individual mind becomes reflective of their own psychology, the individual must first realize that others have minds which give meaning and have intentions as well. Our social nature depends on our ability to be mind-readers. Most of our thoughts are about other people. In becoming sociable mind-readers, children start to think about how minds are separate from bodies. This kind of thinking prepares the ground for some very strong supernatural belief about the body, mind and soul. Whether we are reflecting on our own mind or inferring what’s going on in the mind of others, we are treating minds as separate from bodies. Remember that we can see how our bodies change and age when we look in the mirror. But we cannot step outside our minds and see how they age in a mirror. How can a physical thing like the brain create the mental world we inhabit? Furthermore, we have no natural explanation of how something that has no physical dimensions (the mind) can produce changes in the physical world through our thoughts and actions. If minds are not hinged to the physical brain then mind is not subject to the same destiny as our physical bodies.

Social origins of ghosts

In adulthood we need to figure out our friends from our foes. We increasingly learn the subtleties of social interaction. We readily remember every occurrence when we sensed this discomfort that proved justified, but we conveniently forget every time when we were wrong (confirmation bias) and read too much into the situation. This is amplified by our increasing global social connectedness to others and our attention to their eyes. The emotional arousal we experience when we are being stared at simply reinforces the sense that we can detect another’s gaze even when we can’t see them.

Hood asks us if you haven’t you ever felt the pang of guilt when you have done something wrong and wondered whether someone saw you doing it? Sometimes the thought of someone watching us from beyond the grave is enough to make us behave ourselves. In fact, the psychologist Jesse Bering thinks that belief in ghosts and spirits may have evolved as a mechanism designed to make us behave ourselves when we think we are being watched.

From Being Stared at to Paranoia

Thinking that others are watching you and talking about you is a classic symptom of paranoia. Not surprisingly, supernatural beliefs are a major feature of psychotic disorders of mania and schizophrenia. We can all sense patterns, but psychotic patients are more prone to do so all the time. Superstitious thinking becomes pathological when episodes of paranoia start to dominate and control the individual’s life. They may even attribute such thoughts as coming from some outside source. That is why schizophrenics often think their thoughts are being transmitted or invaded by outside signals. Everything is given significance. Every single thing means something. They vehemently deny Freud’s quip that “sometimes a cigar is just a cigar”. They believe there is a hidden connection to everything that happens. They see themselves as extended beyond their bodies and connected to an invisible oneness of the universe.

Is Superstition Abnormal?

Hood approaches the relationship between abnormality and superstition questions in two ways:

  • We will try to define abnormal behavior and measure examples of superstitious behavior against our definition.
  • We will identify known mental disorders that have features resembling superstitious behavior or paranormal beliefs and see what, if any, relationship they have to common superstitions.

David Rosenhan and Martin Seligman have proposed a family approach to abnormal behavior. They have named several properties of abnormality. A person’s behavior might not have all seven elements, but if several are present with sufficient severity then the label of abnormal can be applied with some confidence. The elements include:

  • violation of moral or ethical standards.

Let us apply the seven criteria to superstitious behavior.

Based on Rosenhan and Seligman’s criteria, most superstitions are not abnormal.

In most cases, superstitions do not produce suffering. In fact, some cases they produce some psychological benefit. Most superstitions are not maladaptive. An athlete using a lucky charm is not likely to affect his play or his life. Most popular superstitions are socially shared and personal superstitions are benign. They are maladaptive when it wastes time that could have been spent studying or resting. But these are minor issues.

The irrationality of most superstitious behavior is mild compared to the schizophrenic thought disorders. Superstitious behavior is not unpredictable. In fact, superstitious behavior is designed to have more control. Are friends or strangers uncomfortable in the presence of superstitious behavior? Not likely. If anything, a friend’s lucky charm is a source of amusement and teasing. Finally, in most cases, superstitious behavior does not violate moral or idea standards. Some religions hold that superstitious behavior is a form of paganism and an affront to God. But this is not a popular attitude. The violation of ideal standards is also pretty rare. Superstitions rarely interfere with the normal standards of behavior. They maintain love relationships, jobs, families, and as a group they are no more aggressive, depressed or shy than the general public. We do not seek psychological services for the treatment of belief in astrology. Nevertheless, the converse is not true. Some serious mental disorders do include forms of superstition. Let us look at Rosenhan’s and Seligman’s criteria and the results.

Is Abnormal Behavior Superstitious?

Neurotics

Stuart Vyse points out that neurotics have emotionally distressing symptoms and unwelcome psychological states but their behavior is still within the boundaries of social systems. In addition, there are many anxious and fearful people who think superstitions are silly.

Obsessive–compulsive disorder

Remember in Part I when we discussed the difference between a routine and a mindless ritual? The disorder with features most akin to normal superstitions is obsessive, compulsive behavior (OCD). The primary features are obsessions with unwanted, often disturbing, thoughts and impulses that occur repeatedly and are difficult to control. Compulsions are behavioral responses. Mistakes in the superstitious ritual must be repeated again from the beginning. Obsessive-compulsive disorders resemble common superstitions, especially superstitions involving bad luck, avoiding black cats in your path and stepping on cracks on pavement. But is superstition causing obsessive compulsive behavior. The answer is no. The superstitions are there as an attempt to control the obsessions and compulsions. If cognitive therapists like Albert Ellis insisted on making fun of or talking the patient out of the superstitions, that would not make the obsessions and compulsions to go away.

Schizophrenia

Psychosis is characterized by profound disturbances in thought and emotion. People suffer from hallucinations and delusions of grandeur. The schizophrenic imagines their thoughts being controlled by outside forces or that someone is out to get them (delusions of persecution). While superstition is a factor in predicting schizophrenia, superstitions do not cause schizophrenia. They are a product of schizophrenia which is primarily a bio-chemical problem.

On the whole, superstitions are not signs of abnormality. It is more a question of how many superstitions people have rather than whether they have them at all. While some extreme disorders like schizophrenia clearly involve superstitions, many disorders do not. Cognitive psychology points out eight typical thinking errors that can make people unnecessarily miserable but none of these qualify as superstitions.

Dopamine: the brain’s supernatural signaler?

Hood suggests that there may well be a chemical foundation for superstition:

If there is a smoking gun for the biological basis of the superstition it seems to be firmly held by the hand of dopamine. Apophenia represents abnormally excessive activity of the dopamine system that leads individuals to detect more coincidence in the world and can see patterns that the rest of us miss. (238)

If Superstition is not Abnormal, is it Irrational?

According to Hood, beliefs are rational if they draw conclusions which are valid (following formal logic) and sound ( following the rules of informal logic) from the evidence available. But often the true nature of events in many cases is hidden, meaning ones’ beliefs can be based on the best of what is known yet could be false. However, in the case of superstitious thinking or behavior it is based on beliefs which are inconsistent with the available scientific facts.

If a young man bought the lottery ticket purely out of a belief that it directly affected the lottery results, we must label his action irrational.When superstitions interfere with the more reasoned responses to a situation, we must put them in the irrational category. But if it indirectly produces a positive emotional effect that leads to a temporary good mood, a secondary gain can be in the form of entertainment (temporary distraction), it is rational. The ticket was purchased based not on a belief in superstition. The rationality of the superstition rests on the expected utilities of other benefits provided it be inexpensive. When might superstition be rational?

  • we have exhausted problem analysis and decision-making possibilities.

When superstition is irrational:

  • problem solving analysis and rational decision-making is ignored or done badly.

Conclusion to Whether Superstition is Abnormal and Irrational

  • Superstition is not an abnormal behavior.
  • Under some circumstances superstition is rational and under others irrational.

The Two Parts of the Brain

Characteristics of the ancestral brain

At the end of my article The Haphazard Conflicted Brain I developed a table which contrasted the ancient brain to the deliberate system of the brain. I used the table to explain why the brain is erratic and why it is impossible to use the deliberative side of the brain all the time. This same table helps us to understand why superstition is part of the ancestral brain. Superstition can be contained but not eliminated. The ancestral part of the brain works fast, automatically and unconsciously. It uses heuristic shortcuts and its knowledge is implicit. It ontologically fuses physical, living and psychological phenomena which has a lot to do with superstitious ideas.

The ancient brain is teleological, anthropomorphic

This ancient brain does not understand how Darwinian natural selection can be creative of new processes because human beings don’t live long enough to actually witness this slow, creative change. Instead, the ancestral brain imagines creative change teleologically as caused by God, just as human design is responsible for carrying out human plans.

This same ancestral brain animates the non-living because in our early history we had no scientific knowledge about the origin of life. The ancestral brain anthropomorphizes inanimate nature and life from a survival point of view. Sadly, human beings are more dangerous to each other than any life form. In an ambiguous and dangerous situation it is safer to imagine that what is rustling in the woods might be a human being rather than the wind. To image that sound might be the wind and be wrong might get you killed. On the other hand, if you guess wrong and it is not a human being there is little cost (it’s only the wind).

Ancestral mind is essentialist

The ancestorial mind is essentialist. It believes beings have an unchanging inner core that makes things what they are. Interactions with other forces, be they rocks, trees, plants, animals, or humans can contaminate essences often times for the worse. This is also an important part of superstition. However, there is hope that we might absorb the good essences of others. The opposite of essences is contextualism, the degree to which animals, plants and humans are products of physical, biological and sociological contexts. Again, a knowledge of human and animal life that is based on Darwinian adaptation to environments is far too late in human history to be part of the ancestral brain.

Ancestral brain accepts René Descartes’ mind-body dualism

Lastly, the epistemological roots of the ancestral brain and superstition is Descartes’ dualistic separation of the mind from the body. This is because experientially our thinking processes seem not to be rooted in anything physical. Most people today still think the mind is independent of the body. Again, this is because the discovery of the brain as the seat of mentality was too late in evolutionary history to be incorporated into the ancestral brain. The heart of superstition is the fact that the deeper causes of events are invisible to us. Without understanding how these invisible processes work, we project beings who are responsible – ghosts, spirits, lucky charms or gods.

The deliberate brain is for the post part the product of science. It works slowly, consciously, methodically and intentionally with explicit knowledge according to a plan. It does not fuse ontological categories, keeping the physical, biological and psychological separate from contamination. It understands chance and coincidence and does not overly interpret events as pattens and meaning when there aren’t any. Epistemologically, most scientists do not accept Descartes’ mind-body dualism. They are either physicalists, claiming the mind is either identical to the body or that the mind is an emergent property of the body.

Here is a summary:

Two Parts of the Brain

Ancient brain:

  • Intuitive
  • Natural
  • Automatic
  • Heuristic
  • Implicit
  • Sensori-motor, preoperational
  • Ontological fusion
  • Teleological
  • Anthropomorphic
  • Psychological contamination
  • Essentialism
  • Effortlessness
  • Covert
  • Fast
  • Prone to superstition
  • Mind-body dualism
  • Most of human history up until the 17th century

Deliberative mind

  • Conceptual—logical
  • Rational
  • Intentional
  • Planned out
  • Explicit
  • Concrete or formal operational
  • Ontological distinction
  • Non-teleological: necessary and probability
  • Sees nature as it is
  • Biological contamination
  • Contexualism
  • Effortful
  • Overt
  • Slow
  • Marginal superstition
  • Physicalism or mind as an emergent property of matter
  • Blossoms in the 17th century with the scientific revolution

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THE US LED WORLD ORDER IS A EUPHEMISM FOR THE US EMPIRE—Garland Nixon

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ABOUT THE AUTHOR / SOURCE
Garland Nixon is a leading anti-imperialist talk show host, vlogger, and activist. He resides in the Washington DC area.


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